In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to conscious cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation. Their most paradigmatic forms are judging, reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and deliberation. But other mental processes, like considering an idea, memory, or imagination, are also often included. These processes can happen internally independent of the sensory organs, unlike perception. But when understood in the widest sense, any mental event may be understood as a form of thinking, including perception and unconscious mental processes. In a slightly different sense, the term thought refers not to the mental processes themselves but to mental states or systems of ideas brought about by these processes.
Various theories of thinking have been proposed, some of which aim to capture the characteristic features of thought. Platonists hold that thinking consists in discerning and inspecting Platonic forms and their interrelations. It involves the ability to discriminate between the pure Platonic forms themselves and the mere imitations found in the sensory world. According to Aristotelianism, to think about something is to instantiate in one's mind the universal essence of the object of thought. These universals are abstracted from sense experience and are not understood as existing in a changeless intelligible world, in contrast to Platonism. Conceptualism is closely related to Aristotelianism: it identifies thinking with mentally evoking concepts instead of instantiating essences. Inner speech theories claim that thinking is a form of inner speech in which words are silently expressed in the thinker's mind. According to some accounts, this happens in a regular language, like English or French. The language of thought hypothesis, on the other hand, holds that this happens in the medium of a unique mental language called Mentalese. Central to this idea is that linguistic representational systems are built up from atomic and compound representations and that this structure is also found in thought. Associationists understand thinking as the succession of ideas or images. They are particularly interested in the laws of association that govern how the train of thought unfolds. Behaviorists, by contrast, identify thinking with behavioral dispositions to engage in public intelligent behavior as a reaction to particular external stimuli. Computationalism is the most recent of these theories. It sees thinking in analogy to how computers work in terms of the storage, transmission, and processing of information.
Various types of thinking are discussed in the academic literature. A judgment is a mental operation in which a proposition is evoked and then either affirmed or denied. Reasoning, on the other hand, is the process of drawing conclusions from premises or evidence. Both judging and reasoning depend on the possession of the relevant concepts, which are acquired in the process of concept formation. In the case of problem solving, thinking aims at reaching a predefined goal by overcoming certain obstacles. Deliberation is an important form of practical thought that consists in formulating possible courses of action and assessing the reasons for and against them. This may lead to a decision by choosing the most favorable option. Both episodic memory and imagination present objects and situations internally, in an attempt to accurately reproduce what was previously experienced or as a free rearrangement, respectively. Unconscious thought is thought that happens without being directly experienced. It is sometimes posited to explain how difficult problems are solved in cases where no conscious thought was employed.
Thought is discussed in various academic disciplines. Phenomenology is interested in the experience of thinking. An important question in this field concerns the experiential character of thinking and to what extent this character can be explained in terms of sensory experience. Metaphysics is, among other things, interested in the relation between mind and matter. This concerns the question of how thinking can fit into the material world as described by the natural sciences. Cognitive psychology aims to understand thought as a form of information processing. Developmental psychology, on the other hand, investigates the development of thought from birth to maturity and asks which factors this development depends on. Psychoanalysis emphasizes the role of the unconscious in mental life. Other fields concerned with thought include linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, biology, and sociology. Various concepts and theories are closely related to the topic of thought. The term "law of thought" refers to three fundamental laws of logic: the law of contradiction, the law of excluded middle, and the principle of identity. Counterfactual thinking involves mental representations of non-actual situations and events in which the thinker tries to assess what would be the case if things had been different. Thought experiments often employ counterfactual thinking in order to illustrate theories or to test their plausibility. Critical thinking is a form of thinking that is reasonable, reflective, and focused on determining what to believe or how to act. Positive thinking involves focusing one's attention on the positive aspects of one's situation and is intimately related to optimism.
Professional Diploma: Customer Centricity & Design Thinking by MTF Institute
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Baka meron kayong books neto mga paps, try ko lang basahin
The Power of Positive Thinking - Norman Vincent Peale
The Magic of Thinking Big - David J. Schwartz
The Art of Thinking Clearly
Rolf Dobelli
(2013)
An exploration of human reasoning reveals how to recognize and avoid simple errors in our day-to-day thinking in order to transform the decision-making process.
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(394.20 kB)
Garry Kasparov - Deep Thinking_ Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins-Hachette UK (2017).epub
In May 1997, the world watched as Garry Kasparov, the greatest chess player in the world, was defeated for the first time by the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue. It was a...
Nag search ako dito pero parang wala pang thread about google nest hub. baka may mga owners/users ng ganitong unit. ok kaya to? nasa 3.7k sa shopee/gamextreme. Primary use as google home (ok, google voice commands), alarm clock, digital picture frame from rotating google photos. pwede din pala...
We don’t use “are” but "is" instead.
In this sentence, Ram is the subject of the sentence.
“As well as” excludes everyone other than the subject of the sentence.
“As well as” has a meaning similar to “in addition to,” while "and" would act as a conjunction.
Have more humility. Remember, you don't know the limits of your own abilities. Successful or not, if you keep pushing beyond yourself, you will enrich your own life—and maybe even please a few strangers. --A.L. Kennedy
Sa akin, mahirap sagutin. Meron eshinare ang kaibigan ko. Sagutin ko daw ito na nasa attach file pero hindi ko alam kung tinatamad ako o hindi ko alam sagutin. Critical thinking test raw siya. Nang itinanong ko sa pinsan ko na medio may pagka-religious , ang sinabi lang niya na makukuha lang...
12:05 AM,I see a text from you.
I smile because I know you are
thinking of me.
I will never reply,but I will always
be thinking of you.
We are broken,yet we are still whole.
-J. Strelou
Mayroon kang mahiwagang Lechon Manok. Pag kumain ka ng parte nito ay mawawala din ang parte ng katawan mo.
Tanong :
Ano ang puwede mo kainin sa manok na di mawawala sa katawan mo.
*answer will be revealed. If someone got the right answer :)
Enjoy!
Tanong:
Si Juan ay paakyat ng bundok at may hawak siyang dalawang balde na punong puno ng tubig kaya siya ay lubos na nabibigatan. May nilagay si juan sa balde nag pagaan dito.
Anu kaya ang nilagay ni Juan para gumaan ang mga balde?
Dating gawi. Ilalagay ko ulit ang tamang sagot pag may...
What does 'think positive' really mean?
Quite often when we're going through a challenging time, or we're just plain miserable, we invariably get the advice to just "think positive "
Sometimes it's difficult to figure out exactly what that means.
Does it mean to deny our pain or discomfort...